Fast Food Industry in Turkey Essay - 1779 Words

Fast Food Industry in Turkey Turkey has a fast growing $5.6 billion HRI food service sector, due to increased incomes,urbanization, more women working outside the home, and huge growth in tourism. Major changes in the life styles, incomes, and consumption patterns of Turks in the last decade means they are increasingly prone to eat meals and socialize over food outside of the home. The growing number of fast food chains and restaurants in newly astablished shopping centers and hypermarket complexes are evidence of this newly emerging demand. A new and faster pace of life has also led people to find quicker meal solutions for their shortened lunch hours. This has developed two niche sectors; fast food and institutional food†¦show more content†¦The sector is expected to reach $15 to $20 billion revenues per year within five years. Continued growth in tourism sector should lead to increasing numbers of foreign cuisine restaurants, both inside and outside hotels. TABLE 2 FOOD SERVICE REVENUES BY SUBSECTOR,1998 TABLE3 MARKET SIZE OF HRI FOOD SERVICE SECTOR IN TURKEY, 1994-1998 Here we show the summary of the advantages and challenges facing US food products in Turkey: Advantages: The number of US fast food outlets is increasing rapidly . Some Us products are more competitively priced than local products. Branded foreign products do well in the Turkish market due to changing consumption patterns and Western influence . Turkish society is repetative to new productsreadily adopt Western tastes. The number of foreign cuisine restaurants and international hotel chains are increasing. Challenges: Customs Union with the EU created a privileged position forEU country imports to Turkey. Transportation costs are less for products from neigbouring countries. Some high import tariff rates exist. There is a well-developed local food-processing sector providing most needed items. European and Far East cuisine are still dominant in restaurants and hotels. MARKET STRUCTURE AND SUBSECTOR PROFILES A.Distribution Channels and New-to-Market Exporter information: The distribution system in Turkey is beginning to shift from theShow MoreRelatedThe American ( Food ) Revolution1270 Words   |  6 PagesJaehun Lee 10/8/15 Summer Reading Essay The American (Food) Revolution Medical Experts are divided on whether or not the government should increase regulation on fast and processed foods. Remember those days when Thanksgiving dinners were a family affair? When the whole family went to the supermarket and bought turkey, ham, potatoes, and all of the raw ingredients needed to make every dish? When the whole family worked together to make a Thanksgiving meal to be shared by everyone? Today, this isRead MoreGeography of the Big Mac1384 Words   |  6 Pagesplaces throughout the United States and Canada that classify as this climate. The pickles are needed to be raised in a warm atmosphere. 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Gender Roles Since High School Essay - 1334 Words

Gender roles resurfaced as a pivotal factor in my life during my late adolescence. In our culture different sports are considered to be male and female dominated respectively. Unfortunately little is done to challenge or resist these societal norms and I experienced this first hand during my senior year of high school. Volleyball, which is considered to be a sport primarily for girls and women, was not offered to boys at my high school. Subsequently, I was forced to petition for approval towards the creation of a male volleyball which ultimately went unsuccessful due to time constraints and unwillingness to help from staff and administration. 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Notes for Institutional Theory Free Essays

The aim of this essay is to explore the response of organisations when confronting with institutional pressures. The essay is organised as follow. Firstly, some concepts as well as explanation related to institutional theory will be introduced. We will write a custom essay sample on Notes for Institutional Theory or any similar topic only for you Order Now Then, this essay will define and explain the conception of legitimacy and the connection between legitimacy and institutional process. Thirdly, the strategic responses of organisations to deal with the pressures from institutional process and an example of response in terms of institutional control will be examined. Institutional theory is a concept that emphasizes the existence of some norms, values and beliefs of the society which organisations conform with. And the process of conformity called institutionalisation is reflected in the structures and practices of organisations (Powell DiMaggio, 1991). According to Oliver (1991), institutional theory emphasizes more specifically on the pressures and constraints from the institutional environment which is one of its two issues addressed (the other one is technical pressures). Institutions here include the state, professions, interest group as well as public opinion (Scott, 1987b). These institutions have interconnected and interdependent relationships with organisations, as the behaviours of organisation are restricted by outside pressures exerted by institutions. In order to survive, organisations have to force themselves to adapt to the environment. So, they have no other choice but to make their behaviours consistent with external norms and rules. After discussing the environment perspective of institutional theory, the next section will regard motives of conformity as the point of departure. Institutional theory demonstrates that stability and legitimacy is what organisations to attain (Powell DiMaggio, 1983; Oliver, 1991). In terms of obtaining stability, institutional theory can explain why organisations conform to external rules, norms and beliefs, not because of the direct link to a positive outcome but organisations would be unthinkable to do otherwise. In other words, this consistency may not be driven by the objective of interest maximisation, but by preconscious acceptance of institutionalisation. Uniform rules, norms and beliefs produce less contradiction Oliver (1991). Due to attempt to obtain stability, organisations would like to draw experience from pre-existing audiences within the current external environment and imitate those organisational structures, decision-making mode and so on to response to the external pressures. Before regarding obtaining legitimacy as the other motive of conformity, it is necessary to define the concept of legitimacy. There are many different definitions of legitimacy with varying degrees of specificity (Suchman, 1995). Legitimacy refers to an array of established cultural accounts made by organisations to provide explanations for its existence (Powell DiMaggio, 1991). Another specific definition is that legitimacy is a generalized perception that the actions of an entity are desirable, proper, or appropriate within some socially constructed system of norms, values, and beliefs. In addition, there are three types of legitimacy, which are pragmatic legitimacy, moral legitimacy and cognitive legitimacy (Suchman, 1995). After explaining some conception of legitimacy, the next section will focus on the connection between legitimacy and institutional process. As every parts of organisation is constructed and interpenetrated by external institutions as well as culture can determine how the organization is built, how it is run, and, simultaneously, how it is understood and evaluated, legitimacy empowers organizations by making them seem natural and meaningful. So legitimacy is critical to organisation survival. Then it can also imply the easiest approach to gain legitimacy, which suggests organisations to adapt to the existed institutional context and adjust their structures to fit with the existed norms, rules and beliefs. This point is just consistent with the emphasis of the institutional theory. So gaining legitimacy is a more significant reason why organisations accept institutional process. When confronting with institutional pressures, acquiescence will be the most probable response taken by organisations. However, if anticipated legitimacy is low, organisations may have different responses to institutionalisation, like compromising on the requirements for conformity, avoiding the conditions that make conformity necessary, denying the requirements that are advised to conform, or even manipulate the criteria of conformity. As can be seen, there are five kinds of strategic responses that organisations may conduct to institutional process, which are acquiescence, compromise, avoid, defy and manipulate(Oliver, 1991). Organisations may have different responses to variable cause, control, context, constituents and content and to even different degree of the same issue. For example, in the terms of institutional control, legal coercion or government mandates and voluntary diffusion are two processes pressures exerted to organisations (Powell DiMaggio, 1983; Oliver, 1991). How to cite Notes for Institutional Theory, Essay examples

International Business Strategy Long Range Planning

Question: Discuss the Case Study for International Business Strategy of Long Range Planning. Answer: Introduction The meaning of international business strategy is that internationally scatters the act of subsidiaries liberally and operates as if the subsidiaries were the local companies, with less coordination from the sources company. Cinquini Tenucci (2010) stated that international business strategy leads to worldwide varieties of business strategies and higher level of adjustment to the primary business atmosphere. An international business strategy evolves a significant designed single strategy for the whole channel of subsidiaries and partners, surrounding most of the countries simultaneously and fluctuating synergies across the several countries. De Wit Meyer (2010) opined that companies go global for a number of reasons but the major objective is the growth and expansion of the companies. When an organisation hires international workers or seeking for new markets in abroad, an international strategy could help to diversify and expand the business. In the current study, the researcher attempts to analyse the modern theories of economy in the current history of international economy. Here, the chosen company is related to Japanese sports cars. Although the business initially launched in Japan, but the company attempts to expand its business in the market of Australia. Therefore, the car culture in Japan has yielded experts in the tuning industry. Herein, the researcher is going to give an overview of the market entry strategy in order to expand the sports car business. Therefore, the ethical and social consideration of issues would be elaborately described in this study by the researcher. On the other hand, the researcher would analyze the financial risks of common international business strategies. Finally, the recommendation would be detailed in this study to overcome the barriers regarding the issues. Evaluation of key modern economic theories in recent global economic history Today people recognize the factors that resist the monitoring, specification or enforcement of the economic transaction attribute boundaries on economic probabilities which are just as perfect as the technological limits. According to Sarala Vaara (2010), moderns economic theories tend to isolate itself from the theory of classical economic by looking at more than just a source of production and the invisible hand theory. Moderns economic look at the products similarly to the nature of the demand, the supply of money, and its effects on the or monetarism and growth and free trade. On the other hand, the modern economic theory is advent of the macroeconomic research that looking at the huge boundary of the single economy. This does not define that a person identified classical economists do not favor the products; it simply refers that economic alteration through history with the modern economist term which was coming after the period of the theory of classical economy. Classical economics started by the looking at the resources used in the production of goods and services. Economic growth defines to the increasing rate of the products and the services introduced by an economy over a long period of time. This is counted as increasing percentages in the accurate gross of the domestic product which may be called as GDP measured for inflation. Some economist emphasizes on improving return as the resource of economic condition of growth. They importantly emphasized on the international trade to increase the market and developed productivity on the countries of trade. Trade helps a country to buy and sell the products from foreign comparatively lower pay to which the countries could be made in the home country. According to Oltra Luisa Flor (2010), in the theory of modern economic growth, some of the efficient economists emphasized the nature of improving return via the direct foreign investments that stimulate learning by doing the activities via knowledge capital.in the Australian market, the newly industrialized regions have gained very high growth in their economic rates in the past two decades. The modern economic theories to market comprises of several features. Verbeke (2013) opined that the modern economy releasing today is scattered all over the world. this is the advent of revolution in knowledge of capital and information of explosion. The most significant key matters are the innovation theory which is comprised of inter-industry inter-firm. On the other hand, international expansion of trade with the help of modern networks According to Kojima (2010), therefore, the modern economic theory emphasis mainly on two networks of inducing growth via expanses on study and improvement on the main instrument of knowledge innovation. The first network is the influence on the available products and services. However, the other one is the influence of stock of the knowledge. Therefore, the Japanese sports car company must know the modern economic theory in the case of the expansion of the Australian market. According to the modern economic theory in the Australian market there is highly economical growth (Rossi, 2010). Therefore, the company must know the market entry strategy in order to flourish its business in the Australian market. Not only even Australian market, the Japanese sports car company also strives to enter globally by introducing their innovative products. Market entry strategy for international business Market entry strategy refers to the systematic and planned process for delivering the products and the services in a new target market and distributing the products over there. It involves establishing and managing contracts in a foreign country. According to Dagnino Padula (2009), when an organization tries to become the face of international business it has to take into consideration the various factors like the cost, risk, the degree of control which can be exercised over the business. There are various forms of the entry strategy for international business. The entry strategies vary from one organization to another. For the simplest form of entry strategy exporting can be done via direct or indirect method. The more intricate forms use global operations which can include the joint ventures as well as export the processing regions. Organizations like the Japanese sports car which is planning to go global will have to consider the following basic steps like: Marketing: the countries the company is aiming at, the segments will be highlighted and how to manage and execute the marketing effort. In this case, the chosen countries for the marketing of the Japanese sports car will be Australian and US ( Harmon, 2010). Next, the company should keep in mind about its sourcing, that is, whether to obtain the goods or manufacture the goods by itself. In this case, the Japanese car company will customize the sports car on their own. Simultaneously the company should also focus on the investment and control, that is, whether it should be a joint venture, global partner or acquisition (Ghauri Cateora, 2010). The company has exported cars in Australia and the US and has earned huge reputation. The customized parts are manufactured in Japan and are supplied from the same country and they are of high quality. The car culture in Japan has produced experts in the tuning industry. The company has decided to trade in the US Dollar only (Lu et al.2010). The Japanese car company should focus on the latest trends in the international business. They must analyze the expanding and emerging markets of the developed nations in terms of its language, financial stability, and economic procedures as well as the local cultural factors which serve as the key factors behind the market expansion. The company should also keep in mind that with expansion in the market the demography will also change. Innovation is the new word for business expansion (Rugman, Verbeke Nguyen, 2011) In this era of competition if the company fails to be innovative in customizing and tuning the cars then they will fail in capturing the market. With the huge technological advancements, the company should focus more on the communication. The stronger the communication network the stronger will be the customer base. Since the companies based in Australia and the US have low labor costs the challenge faced by the Japanese car company will be to keep ahead of the others wi th more effective and faster innovation in the field of car customization. Emphasis should also be given on higher degree of automation usage. In the current scenario, the western economy has become stagnant and the emerging market growth has slowed and hence economic growth in the coming years will be slower. Keeping this in mind the company should plan the profitability of the international business plan in the face of this slow demand (Kojima, 2010). Analyze the strategic issues Once an international business has been realized a performance gap, the initial challenge in order to closing the gap is to rectify the reasons behind the performance gap. there are so many causes within the marketing atmosphere including low sales strategy, extreme competition and struggling with the national economy. The reasons can be obvious or the organisation might require carrying out the study to find out the problems (Matthyssens Vandenbempt, 2010). When an accurate reason has been found out the organization can take a measurable action plan to deal with the cause. There are number strategies which are available in the organization; the appropriate remedy will depend on the reasons of the performance gap and the organizations resources. In this study, the Japanese sports car company mainly deals with the car modifies globally and it tries to expand its business globally. In order to expand its business, the company might face some issues regarding the market entry strategie s (Ghauri Cateora, 2010). In this present study, the Company has some ethical issues. The management system is not always able to find out the problems. In the workplace, the employees are not always able to share their ideas in order to be more productive. The managers sometimes do not provide the scope for the employees to share their ideas so that the organization sometimes faces internal clashes between the employees and managers. Sometimes, they are demotivated when they do not get the opportunities to share their problems. However, it is important to an organization to involve their employees in the decision-making process for the sake of the company. Therefore, the Japanese sports car companies not always give the opportunities to its employees to share their ideas. On the other hand, the company sometimes does not produce the products according to the need of the customers and then it is unable to meet their needs ( Hill Jain, 2000). Ethical and social consideration of ethical issues The meaning of the ethical consideration is considering the objectives of the doctrines of goodness, the right and wrong of the actions, prior or actions. Measuring the right or the wrong approaches standards especially based on the profession standard. On the other hand, social considerations holds the factors which is concerned with the interests of the individual, communities, society and groups as a whole, which are mainly evolves interventions into the economic mechanisms (Levy Newell, 2009). Social issues are about trends, situations, conflicts in society. With the incorporation of ethical consideration which means utilising the society's standards which is constituting the right or wrong behavior based on the business plans and policies. Therefore, the Japanese sports cars modifiers company faces some ethical and social issues. When the company is going to introduce the new products then it faces the competitive edges. Each and every company must keep in its mind about the ma rket price in the competitive advantages when introducing its products (Gebauer et al. 2010). The owner's behavior towards the customers, employees, vendors and the community highly impact the behavior of the workers who look for to set the standard. Herein, the owner's behavior of the organization towards the employee is one of the considering factors that is highly impacted by the market prices. According to Lu et al. (2010), it may be called ethical issues. Therefore, the company could maintain these factors in order to expand its business. Thus, the company would able to reduce its employee turnover and absenteeism. The key ethical consideration in the strategy includes the stakeholder participations, organizational values, individual values and managing change. When undertaking the international developing strategies this often outcomes in the methods in which the organization is being provided the ultimate of improving a plan and submitting it to the organization (De Wit Meye r, 2010). Analyze the financial risks of common international business strategies As stated by De Wit Meyer, (2010) the international business strategies involves a systematic and planned process for delivering the products and the services in a new target market and distributing the products over there. In order to expand its business in the global platform, the Japanese car company should also analyze the risk factors involved in the common international business strategies. The common financial risks involved in the global business strategies include the foreign exchange risk and the liquidity risk (Gambardella McGahan, 2010). In the case of the foreign exchange, there is a risk of the financial transaction which is denominated in a currency other than the base currency of the particular country. The foreign exchange risks also occur when the foreign subsidiaries of the company have got the financial statements in a currency other than the reporting currency of the entire entity. The risk in foreign exchange is that there might be a sudden movement in the exc hange rate in the denomination currency which is related to the base currency before the date when the transaction is to be completed. The Japanese Car Company should keep in mind about this risk which can imply severe financial consequences (Casadesus-Masanell Ricart, 2010). The liquidity risk is also a financial risk which involves a certain time period which includes a given financial asset, security or commodity that can never be traded quickly enough in the market without having any impact on the market price. This can be further classified as market and funding liquidities (Teece, 2010). In the case of the market liquidities, an asset cannot be sold due to lack of liquidity in the market. It is a sub set of market risk. It happens due to the wide spread of offer and making explicit liquidity reserves and even extending the holding period of VaR calculations. In the case of the funding liquidity, there is a risk in the liabilities. It occurs when the fall is due and cannot be met at an uneconomical price ( Kolk Van Tulder, 2010). Hence the liquidity risk occurs due to uncertain liquidity. When the credit ratings of a company fall it loses its liquidity. When the company witnesses sudden outflow of cash or some other events takes place avoid trading. A company is also vulnerable to liquidity risks when it is dependent on markets which experience the loss of liquidity (Verbeke, 2013). In international business, risks lurk at every corner and can threaten the viability of the products and the services. Every now and then there can be new traders in the marketplace, sudden trends in the commodity prices, economic and interest rates and also the currencies. The financial executives should incorporate the holistic risk management program or the one which allows them to manage risks in the broad front (Nenonen, Storbacka, 2010). Recommendations In order to solve the problems that the company faces the researcher is providing some way to overcome the barriers. The company will always be truthful in interacting within the organisation and with the suppliers, with the consumers while simultaneously the company's secret information and the secrets of trade. The company may face the performance gap through internal business strategy. If the major reasons regarding this matter in which the organization carries out its business operations in the international business strategy in Ansoff's matrix. This strategy provides the organization with the four options and involves an organization's goods and the market it maintains. Under the Ansoff's matrix, the organization could evolves a product development strategy, market penetration strategy and the market development strategy or a diversification strategy to close the gap. However, the strategies are about how the organization would able to close the gap, practise are concerning the actions they would undertake, the methods are specific actions with an appropriate aim, the aims are often incorporated over a short term. However, the Company tremendously faces the internal rivalries within the work environment. The Company should engage its employee in the decision-making process. So those, the employee are motivated by the organization in order to get best outcomes. Moreover, in order to reduce clashes between the employee and managers, the organization should create fruitful atmosphere. In order to reduce the risks, the company should hire foreign employees so that to create a better work culture and understand the communications between the Japanese and Australian work atmosphere and to mingle the both work culture. Conclusion It could be inferred that when a company strives to expand its business in the Australian market, it should first attempt to implement market entry strategy. Although the company based on the Japan, so that it could first analyze the economic growth of the Australia because the economic condition of Japan and Australia is different from the culture. However, it is important for the organization to implement the appropriate international business strategy in order to expand its business. By using multi domestic strategy, it enables efficiency in the attributing responsiveness to the requirements within the markets of it. However, by implementing the strategies of marketing, sourcing, investment and controls help the company to understand the foreign business markets and environments as well. The company would able to rectify its internal gap through the gap analysis process. This process helps the company to understand its issues regarding the market entry. In order to expand its busi ness the company should maintain the legal obligation according to the nature of the market. As it is based on the Japanese company so that it is quite difficult to understand the foreign economic growth. Therefore, the modern economic theories and events are provided for the company to better understand about the foreign economy. The liquidity and foreign exchange risks are the major risks when an organization is going to enter in the foreign markets with their products. References Casadesus-Masanell, R., Ricart, J. E. (2010). From strategy to business models and onto tactics. Long range planning, 43(2), 195-215. Cinquini, L., Tenucci, A. (2010). Strategic management accounting and business strategy: a loose coupling?. Journal of Accounting organizational change, 6(2), 228-259. Cullen, J. B., Parboteeah, K. P. (2009). International business: strategy and the multinational company. Routledge. Dagnino, G. B., Padula, G. (2009). Coopetition strategy. 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